Surface oxidation is caused by oxygen attacking the surface of steel at temperatures ranging from room temperature up to whatever process temperatures are chosen unless the steel surface is protected.

The tool steels that generally fall into this category are the D-series and A-series tool steels.

When designing an optimized carburizing operation, considerations should be given to the following...

During some carburizing operations, carbides might form.

QuenchingThe purpose of quenching is to lock into solution the solute elements by rapidly cooling to a temperature usually near room temperature. Various quench mediums can be used, which are

There are only three groups of aluminum alloys that will respond to strengthening by thermal means.

The nitriding process has been misunderstood over the years.

Figure 1 Question: Can you provide a succinct explanation of braze erosion? What causes it, and where does the eroded material go?Answer: The official definition of "erosion" in the brazing

How can one ensure that the steel for carburizing will respond in the same manner each time that it is processed?

The term decarburization simply means the loss of surface carbon from the steels being treated.