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The important spark characteristics (Fig. 2) are color, volume, nature of the spark and length.

Spark testing is an inexpensive, quick and easy way to determine the general classification of a ferrous material or separate materials by general type.

Thermal processing comprises a number of industries, including heat treatment, metal and non-metal melting, metal heating, fluid heating, drying, curing and forming, and various extractive processes to name a few.

Last time, we introduced factors that affect the Charpy impact energy of a specimen. These factors are discussed here.

We continue our discussion about Charpy impact testing from part 2.

We continue our discussion of impact testing by focusing on the test methods and testing machines.

One of the surprising phenomena in the metals industry is that normally ductile materials can become brittle under certain conditions.

It is not uncommon in vacuum furnaces to observe what may best be described as “silver-colored flakes” or cracked surfaces, which appear on graphite-lined vacuum furnaces.

Over the years, the following information has proven to be a quick reference guide to the effects of various alloying elements.

Carbon is by far the most important alloying addition to steel and cast iron.