Tough-pitch coppers and even oxygen-free coppers are subject to a loss of tensile ductility (embrittlement) when exposed to reducing atmospheres.

Proportional-integral-derivative (PID) control is the most common strategy used for industrial processes.

Residual stress is an important consideration in the heat treatment of steel, and the development of a compressive residual stress often is considered a good goal because it is believed to improve the fatigue resistance of the heat-treated part.

Grain growth is a vague term used in the context of recrystallization, "normal" grain growth and secondary recrystallization.

Most metals are classified as being either cast or wrought. This classification is somewhat misleading since even the wrought product is initially cast and therefore subject to chemical inhomogenieties during solidification...

Hardness tests often are used to quantify strength and are considered to be nondestructive in most applications because the indentations are small and do not adversely affect surface quality.

In 1974, Battelle Laboratory (Columbus, OH) researchers patented (US1982000378975) a process to induce compressive residual stresses using shock waves generated by laser pulse . . .

The yield strength of AISI 8620 steel can be made equivalent to that of AISI 1045 steel by choosing the appropriate tempering temperatures for each.

Every student that has ever taken an introductory materials science course has most likely solved a diffusion problem involving the error function.

Annealing twins are a prominent feature observed in the metallography of face centered cubic (FCC) metals.